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[personal profile] airiefairie
Fascinating. Have you ever found yourself contemplating the intriguing possibility of an America untouched by the hand of European colonization?



Someone on the internet has actually taken the time to create a vivid cartographic tapestry that envisages a continent shaped exclusively by the hands of Indigenous nations. - LINK
luzribeiro: (Default)
[personal profile] luzribeiro
Oh Ricky, Ricky, Ricky - your poor mind has become so warped over the years. Yes true, there wasn't a McDonalds, Lowes or RR system built by them, when 'injuns' were laying around existing on nothing but oxygen alone.

Rick Santorum Slammed for Saying America Was Birthed From Nothing, There 'Isn't Much Native American Culture'

CNN's Rick Santorum is being heavily criticized for insisting that the United States was built on a blank slate, ignoring the history and culture of the country's Indigenous people.

What a dumbass. When Captain Cook sailed into Nootka Sound on Vancouver Island the people he found there lived fuller, richer lives than any of his seamen did at home in London. Their art and culture were very important and accessible to all.

Kinda what happens when, between guns/swords/disease, you nearly complete a genocide against a people and then spend the next few centuries marginalizing them.

No wonder these scum bitched so hard about being called "deplorables". They knew full well an accurate description would be too offensive to print.

Btw, "CNN's Rick Santorum"? How'd that happ'n!?
fridi: (Default)
[personal profile] fridi
Her "proof" amounts to nothing in the eyes of the tribal leaders. It's a 1/1024 portion of the DNA at best - less than half of the Neanderthal DNA. And... there's no DNA for comparison. Turns out, she's more than 99.99% white European. Yet, she waves her "heritage" in the face of racist Trump, and demands his promised million dollars that he pledged to a charity of her choosing, should she prove her Pocah.... eh, I mean Native American ancestry.

Hey, I'm probably more African than she is Native American.

But the bigger question is, why would she stoop to Trump's level? He's a scoundrel, we've all learned that already. But someone like her? Doesn't she have more important issues to focus on, like defending women's and workers' rights from guys like Trump? The tweet war she started with him, and the feud that has been brewing between them, has seen them both use means and methods that have come to be recognized as typically Trumpian. Does she think the troll should be defeated through trolling? Does she truly believe she can win this game with the master of trollery, playing by his rules?

If she's planning to run in 2020, all of this is going to bite her in the ass. If she wants to attract moderates and bring them to support her, I don't think she's on the right track to achieving it. Sure, she may activate the left-wing voters the way Trump has done with the right-wing elements, but the decisive fence-sitters? Not so much. Hell, if I were an American I'd refrain from voting for her probably solely on the grounds of her trying too hard to be a douchebag to the Douche In Chief.

She can't win this game. Not this way.

And apparently, I'm not the only one thinking this:

https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/elizabeth-warren-can-overcome-trumps-pocahantas-attack-but-can-she-overcome-her-terrible-political-instincts
[identity profile] mahnmut.livejournal.com
I don't know why it took them so long, but both government and business might have started taking Native Americans seriously at least a tad more than they used to.

Standing Rock victory: Native American tribes and environmental protesters celebrate as Dakota Access oil pipeline permit is rejected

Fabulous result, but beware. The right will hate this forever and try to overturn it. In fact I expect Trump to overturn this "development" on day one of his presidency. Why? Because the right hates this outcome. For them it's wrong for three big reasons.

1) It interferes with profits for a company (well, the Carrier case is another intervention as we already commented, but still... hypocrisy can be a biach);
2) It represents a victory for indigenous Americans, and the right will hate that with extreme aggression;
3) It was the Obama administration who did it - you know, black president born in Kenya. What's not to hate here, eh?

The Sioux (and other Native Americans) have for centuries been voicing their concerns about encroachment on their land and the genocide of their people, all to no avail. It was way past time they were listened to, even if they had to go through tremendous lengths and endure amazing amounts of harassment as a price. But as they say, "white man speaks with fork tongue" - so we may yet see more of the same the standard theft of Native land and resources that the US was built on so white Americans could brag about being a "free" people.

Sadly, this is probably not the end of the story. It would be totally out of character for the US to honor an agreement with the indigenous peoples it has subjected to genocide and theft on such a scale for so many centuries.
[identity profile] sophia-sadek.livejournal.com
A number of things contributed to my fascination with the charlatan aspects of the psychiatric profession. One of them was a movie adaptation of a novel by Ken Kesey. The hero in Kesey's book is a quiet Native American giant from the Pacific Northwest where his family had been deprived of its traditional salmon fishing livelihood by the construction of a hydroelectric power generation facility. Later in life I encountered the work of Sherman Alexie, a Native American from the same region and a real life member of the kind of family described by Kesey. In one of his works, Alexie commented that hippies were Native wannabes. Kesey could be considered the founder of hippie drug culture. (Alexie has admitted to being a psychiatric patient.)

That literary background gave me context for the report of David Walker about his work as a clinical psychologist in Yakama territory within the state of Washington (see the link below). In his interview with Will Hall, Walker describes some of the difficulties that Natives face as they interact with the institutions of modern America. Young Natives have some difficulty assimilating to the alien culture that surrounds their domain. The school system is poorly adapted to Native traditions. Walker describes an experimental program of educational rehabilitation for disaffected Native youth that he worked on. It employed teaching methods that had been modified from Western approaches in order to better engage young Natives. More respect was paid to the Native language and culture, for example.

Where the clinical work of Walker intersects with the literature of Sherman Alexie is in the way Natives often fall into the pit of substance addiction. Walker contends that Western culture bears significant responsibility in that area. There is a long history of trade in alcohol with Natives that has a tinge of predation about it. Thomas Jefferson even advocated a policy that used liquor debt as a way to obtain territory from Native people. Walker describes a rational framework for substance dependency that rejects the blame-the-genes theme. He even affirms the history of the bad gene theory of generational addiction as an offshoot of the eugenics movement.

Walker has a healthy skepticism for the medical model. He favors an approach to suffering that maintains the dignity of the sufferer. He prefers not to treat the people he assists as if they were lab animals and/or inherently defective. This approach could get him into hot water with those who favor the medical model. He could be characterized as denying services to his clients by helping them without getting them addicted to drugs. Any success he achieves with clients could be portrayed as "unscientific" aberrations.

What do you think of the efforts of David Walker? Do you see him as a help or a harm to people living in Yakama territory? Do you buy into the notion that Yakama youth are depressed because of a chemical imbalance, or do you suspect that social and political marginalization has something to do with it?

Links: Ken Kesey's fictitious portrayal of oppressive "medical" treatment. A collection of Sherman Alexie's literature. Will Hall's interview with David Walker.
[identity profile] vehemencet-t.livejournal.com

The fact that corporate interests work closely with government and academic institutions to actively and specifically target potential sources of domestic, popular insurrectionary expression can sometime seem a bit paranoid in an industrialized Western 'democracy' (scare apostrophes--I love 'em!), but I read about something today in which the matter came up again.

Specifically, the analytical paper titled "CANADA AND THE FIRST NATIONS Cooperation or Conflict (May 2013)" by a Douglas Bland and the Macdonald-Laurier Institute, aims to analyze the failure of what I would call full capitalist integration by the aboriginal population in areas of Canada to determine the immanence of, all things, expressions of insurrection, and work together to increase security practices so as to eliminate the feasibility of that kind of political action on the part of the natives.

The report provides the background in its opening preface:

"The Aboriginal Canada and the Natural Resource Economy project (of which this paper is a part) seeks to attract the attention of policy makers, Aboriginal Canadians, community leaders, leaders and others to some of the policy challenges that must be overcome if Canadians, Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal alike, are to realise the full value of the potential of the natural resource economy. This project originated in a meeting called by then CEO of the Assembly of First Nations, Richard Jock, with the Macdonald-Laurier Institute. Mr. Jock threw out a challenge to MLI to help the Aboriginal community, as well as other Canadians, to think through how to make the natural resource economy work in the interests of all."

Sounds pretty optimistic and not too out of the ordinary, if still a bit neo-colonial, I would think. But from there it gets a bit more, dare I say, counter-revolutionary?


"For all the meetings, plans and requests by prime ministers and native chiefs, conditions within some First Nations communities languish. While a growing number are improving, others suffer from severe deprivation. The poorer communities often seethe with frustration. Expectations raised by legal victories and government announcements seem to lead nowhere, or fall away. As the frustrations of unfulfilled expectations rise, anger in the communities festers, especially among young people. The outcome? An idea that most Canadians would have seen as preposterous a year ago, but which is now very real: the possibility of a disruptive confrontation between Canada’s Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal communities. This paper examines that possibility in the context of five determinants central to an accepted ‘feasibility hypothesis’ developed by an Oxford researcher:

-Social fractionalization
-The ‘warrior cohort’
-Economic and resources factors
-The security determinant, and
-Topography"


I just find papers like this pretty interesting, because they can provide an inside look at the relationship between economic capital and political power as well as the kinds of tactics, research and language employed by professionals who are paid to 'make the world safe for its ruling class', as it were.

Other interesting quotes like these jumped out at me as well:

"The young warrior cohort is here to stay. By 2017, about 42 percent of the First Nations population on the Prairies will be under the age of 30, over twice the 20 percent in the non-Aboriginal community. To reduce the feasibility of an uprising in the First Nations, Canada needs educational and employment policies that immediately transform future First Nations cohorts aged 15 to 24 into productive, self-reliant people."

Education (is it fair to call it indoctrination or even propaganda in this context, given its designed end?) and employment (transforming people from an unproductive population, to their economic system at least, into one which will be too incentivized or busy to challenge the status quo?) are weapons to be used so Canada doesn't have to deal with the consequences of an unfair, exploitative economic system that severely alienates its aboriginal population?

"The minimal capabilities of Canada’s security forces are well understood in Aboriginal communities. Native leaders also understand the reluctance in governments, in the Canadian Forces and police organizations (as demonstrated at Caledonia) to intervene in Aboriginal demonstrations, even when there are urgent and lawful reasons for doing so. This reinforces the feasibility factor, and makes more certain future challenges to civil authority at times and places of Aboriginal leaders’ choosing. Finding the right balance between legitimate protest and armed confrontation may be difficult, but it must be found. An indispensable part the solution will be policing regimes that assure peaceful Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal people of their rights and freedoms under the law."

So, once again, social change must be on their terms only, and of the kind that has little hope of actually affecting root causes without enormous institutional support, i.e. corporate sponsorship, parliamentary reform or NGO affiliation. Also we see again the strategy of spreading division into movements for change by isolating so-called 'nonviolent' or 'peaceful' protesters from 'violent' and 'armed' ones. A practice that has already lead to a lot of unnecessary antagonism between like-minded activists in various countries. For a lengthy exploration and discussion, not without its flaws, into the huge issues of the so-called 'violence issue' in strategies for radical social change, see Peter Gelderloos' latest work, The Failure of Nonviolence- From the Arab Spring to Occupy.

As the paper goes on, eventually pretense just seems to fall away, replaced by tactical formulations that would make the U.S. DHS proud.

"The key assertion is that feasibility, and not root causes, provides the incentive to challenge civil authority. As we shall see, it follows that the prevention and/or suppression of insurgencies and rebellions requires a determined effort directed not at so-called root causes, but at the factors that make such uprisings feasible."

So don't bother with improving the root oppressive conditions that affect these people and motivate this kind of activity, instead just work at neutralizing their ability to resist or fight back. That's how I read it.

"Others might ask: if the conditions of young Aboriginals provide a motive that ought to ignite an uprising, why has the uprising not occurred? A quick and credible answer is that it has and is occurring – as a quick head count of the Warrior Cohort inside our penal colonies will demonstrate. In any case, this dismissive question cannot be left to answer itself: no rebellion, no problem."

Reminds me of a lyric from the recent song "Don't Riot" by Sole and DJ Pain, partially inspired by the acquittal of George Zimmerman:

"Shut your facebook status talking about a race war
Ain't no race war
Like the one that's been going on since 1492
What you think we got them jails for?
What you think we got them fuckin jails for?"

It goes on to list and analyze key strategic and critical infrastructures around aboriginal communities that the writer feels are under-protected and vulnerable to such a situation. All I can say about that is, I hope these young aboriginal 'warrior cohorts' are reading this stuff and taking notes =)



Since I hadn't seen anything about it here, I thought I would share this report because I feel it should be read by students and advocates of social insurgency in the way it is already being studied by the paid professional architects of counter-insurgency. You can read the full document here, if you dare, to get a way better understanding of the entire context, framing and conclusions than I could provide in the short space here.

[identity profile] underlankers.livejournal.com


This is one in a series of controversies between Indian tribes which adopted slavery as part of becoming the Five Civilized Tribes and the descendants of those slaves.


The excerpt here:



The controversy stems from a footnote in the brutal history of U.S.
treatment of Native Americans. When many Indians were forced to move to
what later became Oklahoma from the eastern U.S. in 1838, some who had
owned plantations in the South brought along their slaves.


Some 4,000 Indians died during the forced march, which became known as the "Trail of Tears."


"And our ancestors carried the baggage," said Marilyn Vann, the Freedman leader who is a plaintiff in the legal battle.


Officially, there are about 2,800 Freedmen, but another 3,500 have
tribal membership applications pending, and there could be as many as
25,000 eligible to enter the tribe, according to Vann.


The tribal court decision was announced one day before absentee
ballots were to be mailed in the election of the Cherokee Principal
Chief.


"This is racism and apartheid in the 21st Century," said Vann, an engineer who lives in Oklahoma City.



Overlooks that in these Indian tribes the slaveowners themselves were part-white in descent and considered themselves more white than Cherokee, at least at the time. This is why some Indians fought for the Confederacy and one became a Brigadier General. Unfortunately humanity as a whole has a tendency to be bigoted, and thus this kind of thing happens. This in my view is a reprehenesible and disgusting thing to do. What do you guys think?
[identity profile] allhatnocattle.livejournal.com
Video link to story

In 1990 the Iroquois Nationals lacrosse team (ranked 4th in standings) quite remarkably became the only aboriginal nation to compete internationally in any sport. (If there is another, speak-up) The Iroquois Nations have been denied entry into the UK even as Hillary Clinton stepped in to issue a one-time waiver to allow the team to travel on their Six Nation passport.

Like many governments lacking sovereignty, in 1977 the Iroquois (Six Nation) League began issuing passports as a way of declaring some independence as a nation, or as some say the passport is a statement to show they are the original inhabitants of the country and are not subjects of the Crown. It is a matter of dignity, pride and distinction that non-sovereign territories produce passports, just as they would postage stamps and even currency.

For a document to have any value it must be recognized by the recipient as valid. The precedent of postage stamps being issued by non-nation/non-sovereign states, and recognized as valid has long historical record. Currency not so much (Confederate dollars) although there are exceptions like Bermuda and even smaller scale exceptions.
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[identity profile] allhatnocattle.livejournal.com
Ahneen! Se:kon! Mino Giizhep! Good morning! Interesting article in Calgary Beacon.

My take on this... race based policy/law is wrong, plain and simple. Full stop.

Unfortunately it's not nearly so simple. Not even close. There was a war, undeclared, subtle, maybe not so subtle and the victors wrote the terms, conditions and and even the concessions. And yes there were concessions, believe it or ignore it.

Canadian Aboriginals peoples are represented by two major governing bodies, the AFN comprised of chiefs and heads of reserves/reservations across Canada representing on-rez NDN's, and the CAP representing off-rez NDN's and Metis alike. A third body MNC is perhaps the most ambitious representing the least amount of peoples with few supporters. There are many views on many aboriginal issues, but I list the two largest groups that are generally opposing each other. The MNC I just throw in for personal reason although do present perhaps a third position on some issues.

I ascribe to more of the CAP's way of thinking as does the beacon article. Integration and even assimilation does not necessarily require a complete loss of heritage or distinction, although granted it is harder to maintain and adhere to. Many examples of cultures have survived such horror; Jews, Kurds, Roma, Russian orthodox, etc. Some better them others of course.

One thing we do know is segregation and isolation strengthens distinction while it weakens the greater sense of participation and competitiveness in broader global society. If education is important to prosperity, then ignorance is indeed it's enemy. What greater ignorance is there then segregation? What greater disservice then to respect wilful ignorance; legislating and financing it?

There are many progressive conservative thinkers who would like to see the rez system dismantled somehow, in some way, ending the race based policies/laws. Trust me, it's not that simple. I don't think it's even possible, not immediately anyways. Many rez have enjoyed varying degrees of self-governance, a few rather successfully.

There are also many socially liberal thinkers who believe problems on the rez stem from not enough support; both financially and in guidance. They want to ride this fine line between intrusive and unobtrusive bullshit. Frankly I don't get it.

It has been proven historically that communities allowed to grow naturally will integrate naturally. No matter NewUlm Minnesota Lutheran Germans or the Alberta Hutterites or the hundreds of NewYorkCity micro-communities.

It is tricky with NDN populations given historical precedence through treaties ignored and treaties lived up to. And I don't suggest we ignore treaties in whole or in part. I do suggest that we take equal responsibility, discouraging race based policy and law in whole.

Chi Miigwetch! Nia:wen!
[identity profile] allhatnocattle.livejournal.com
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NDN reserves are most curious. Fairly or unfairly they are the last parcels of land granted to and owned by the original peoples of this continent. They are the refuge of racist segregation policy. This is not necessarily unwelcome by NDN or white man.

The racism flows both ways. Facilitated by the Rez, for white man it keeps NDN's out of sight and out of mind. For NDN's the Rez can be a cesspool brewing up steep potent hatred.

That is not to say there is not progress. At least in Canada most Rez are self-governing and self determining. Admittedly this is to varying degrees, but there are moves towards more and greater independence.

Since first contact in 1492, Europeans sought to colonize and settle in the New World. Of course you know in many instances this conflicted with the native populations and so different solutions were used. Obviously the methods of warring slaughter was practically genocidal purging. Much of Canada's history, the solution was simply capitalism, where they were independent contractors supplying furs.

By comparison to genocide, the kinder and gentler method of treaty seems almost respectful. Although the word treaty is a bit of a suspect terminology. Treaty assumes negotiation done in good faith. We know how treaties should work, even at the end of a war. There are countless examples. Fair to say we know who lost the war, even as NDN treaties rarely acknowledges that it was ever fought.

The first Indian Rez was declared during the Treaty of Paris 1763. This was a huge tract of land from Florida on north, west of the 13 colonies, east of the Mississippi and south of waters draining into Hudson Bay. Settlers in this land were ordered to leave or get permission from the local tribes to stay. Obviously things changed through history and the Rez became smaller and smaller.

Wikwemikong was an early Rez granted in 1836. 14 years later they sold off most of their land for a lump sum and annual payment. But they were tricked, not quite understanding they would no longer be welcome to hunt and fish on lands they had always been on. The British concept of ownership of territory was not fully understood by NDN's at time of the signing.

The negotiation of treaty with NDN people's have not changed much in all these centuries. Local to me, the City of Calgary has been trying to build a ring road, a highway that will encircle the city. Trouble has been that the city borders with Tsuu T'ina nation. The City has been trying for over a decade to purchase or lease some land in order to build this highway. Finally in 2008 the City worked out a deal with Tsuu T'ina chief and council. Hands were shook. As a simple formality the matter was voted on by NDN's living in Tsuu T'ina. This is when all went kaput.

Tsuu T'ina NDN's didn't like one little sticky part of the deal; the exact dollar amount Calgary would give Tsuu T'ina was to be negotiated in a few years. NDN's had seen this kind of deal before and didn't like it. It's simply bad business to offer to buy something for price to be determined later in a few years, let alone sell. I suppose this might happen in certain business dealing I don't understand, but it reeks of opportunism. More then simply taking advantage, it suggests they felt they had some sort of right, that Tsuu T'ina was somehow inferior.

Calgary City Hall was miffed about the failed deal. They decided to play hardball. Due to some road construction project City Hall informed Tsuu T'ina they would have to close the access road to Tsuu T'ina... right by their casino. Tsuu T'na leaked this to the press, to which City Hall clarified they couldn't guarantee the road would remain open, before fully recanting and having the construction done in such a way as to not block access into the Rez.

At this time, City Hall won't make an offer for the land they want for the highway and so the Tsuu T'ina won't grant them the land. It is a stalemate. It is a curious thing. But NDN history seems full of curious things.
[identity profile] allhatnocattle.livejournal.com
The rationalization was that having a Native Indian (ndn) kid in the classroom would only serve as a distraction to the other students, so NDNs (there were usually only be one or two) were separated from the rest of the class. Instead of reading, writing, arithmetic, science, etc. the NDN were taught special skills... like washing the teachers car.

This happened in Toronto in the 1970's in the public school system. This in the multi-ethnic, multi-racial public school system, full of Canadian-born children of immigrants. There were Greeks, Italians, Swedes, Jamaicans, Kenyans, Pakistanis, Sri Lankans, etc. But whatever racism existed, NDN kids were considered the least of them all. A real threat.

The policy was endorsed by school principals. The school ward trustee didn't believe the trouble-making NDN parents. Good thing my Gramma worked at Queen's Park because she got the ear of provincial MPP Bill Hodgson. The initial reaction was to forward the issue to Indian Affairs.

But here's the thing. We are Metis, not NDN. Being Metis is not the same as being NDN. Being Metis is kind of like being in limbo. While Metis fall under the Indian Act, they have been systematically exempted for the most part through many amendments. This is not always a bad thing. For example most/many Metis were never kidnapped away to be assimilated and abused at Residential Schools.

Another important plus is that Metis were (for the most part) not exempted by section 67 of the Human Rights Act. Human Rights Act is an avenue to file charges of discrimination for race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, religion, age, disability, pardoned conviction, etc. All Canadians except NDN's were covered under this act. The Metis have always been covered.

In 2008 bill C-21 passed, repealing section67, and will after a long phase-in process will grant all aboriginal peoples everywhere the right to file Human Rights complaints of discrimination. This is why there is a rush in Kahnawake to kick those considered non-native (Metis and/or white(for lack of better word)) off the Rez before Human Rights is fully implemented in January 2011.I can predict a lot of consequences that might occur as a result of Human Rights, but we'll see.

In the 1970's my Gramma's threat of filing a human rights complaint (with the help of our MPP) was enough for the trustees of the Toronto Public School Board to implement policy changes and end racist practices of discrimination. A victory

For NDN's the residential school began to be phased out in the 1950's, well, on paper anyways. In practice it wasn't really phased out until the 1970's with the last of them ended in the mid-1980's with two notable exceptions (I'll get to that in a sec). A formal apology from the government of Canada was given to victims of the residential school in 1998. This was followed by a long Mandela-style truth and reconciliations process. Finally government provided compensation to the victims in 2005, in a formula calculated by time spent there, if records were not lost, destroyed, burnt, etc.

The exceptions to residential school system are Blue Quills which was taken over to be administered by a local tribe. Another became the basis of what eventually evolved into First Nations University with 3 campuses spread out in Saskatchewan. In the last few years the FNU has been marred by controversy; charges of corruption, mis-management, mass dismissals, and then the death nail of provincial and federal funding. All is not lost but the future indeed seems bleak. It's a lot like hockey/baseball going on strike, where it will never be the same again, if it survives.

NDN run university education for NDN's has long been seen as a cornerstone vital to eventual self-government. Self-government is a goal of many aboriginal peoples and groups said to represent them. Many tribes (especially Mohawks) simply do not recognize the government of Canada's authority and consequentially are rife with lawlessness. Others such as Nisga'a have negotiated their way out of the Indian Act and become as close to self governance as possible within the confines of Canada. And then we have Manitoba Metis in recent tripartate negotiations

These of course are all means for survival. As a Metis, I know a lot intimately about cultural survival. I can see similarities in what is happening in Iraq, Iran, Palestine, Afghanistan, China, France, etc. Nobody ever wants to be assimilated but cultural infection is extremely contagious. A group can never isolate itself enough. Somebody right now in the deepest Amazon is wearing a t-shirt. It happens. But if an identity is strong it will survive the most atrocious abuses and prevalent infections.

Still, I came to the conclusion a long time ago that we place too much importance on identity. Assimilation should be embraced. Cultural identity only leads to pride, prejudice, hate, oppression and war. Don't get me wrong, I'm proud to be Canadian and proud to be Metis. It is with great effort I try not to be contradictory. It would serve us better to identify as part of the United Federation of Earth, rather then of it's many tribes.
[identity profile] allhatnocattle.livejournal.com
The following story is appropriate for citizens (and mice) of all democracies. Please watch...


Trouble with democracies is they don't lend themselves to electing mice very well. The trouble is the mice, after being elected, are corrupted into becoming cats themselves. Perhaps that's just evolution. (We all believe in evolution, don't we?)

Case in point are the mice ruling the mice on the tribal Reserve lands. Each Rez being somewhat unique with varying styles and degrees of self-government. In my critical opinion, I would say most tribal councils are corrupt. For example Chiefs driving brand new Chevy Avalanches every year. My opinion is shared by many native and non-natives alike, both on and off the reserve. But majority opinions don't matter in democracies, only those granted the legal authority to pass judgment does.

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